An unmapped range inside the guest arena stays a PROT_NONE host
reservation, so host munlock succeeds on it. Check the guest mapping
state first, as msync does, and return ENOMEM for ranges the guest
has not mapped or reserved.
The arena constructor was Windows-only, so on Linux Available() was false: the guest heap fell back to the host allocator and direct memory landed wherever the kernel pleased. Titles that require a low virtual address rejected the mapping and re-issued the identical request, which surfaced as a start-up assert inside their own allocator.
Seed the window from the mappings that already exist instead of reserving it up front, because a PROT_NONE reservation of the whole range starves the kernel's own top-down mmap, which picks addresses just below the stack inside that range. Commit, reset and set-protection become portable so the arena owns its used ranges on both platforms, and fixed mappings are checked against the arena's used ranges rather than against EEXIST from a reservation.
The window-placement and no-overwrite checks in guest_memory were compiled only for Windows; they now run on Linux too, and the window check fails without this change.
Fixes#692
Since guest threads get exactly the stack size they request, host code
that a guest thread calls runs on that small stack too. sceAgcCreateShader
reaches Driver::RegisterShader, whose frame alone is about 50 KiB, so a
title whose job threads ask for 48 KiB overflows the stack (#2603).
Each guest thread now gets a fixed 1 MiB of host stack below the range it
asked for. The guest still sees the requested size and address range
through scePthreadAttrGet and sceKernelIsStack; only host calls made from
the thread use the extra room. Running the prepared-shader driver tests on
a limited main-thread stack needs between 128 and 192 KiB for shader
registration, Vulkan setup included, so 1 MiB leaves several times that.
Switching to a separate host stack at each HLE entry point would need a
trampoline on every export that may go deep, handling of stack-passed
arguments and unwinding across the switch, and a list of which exports
qualify. A margin below the guest range covers every host call with no
per-export list.
On Windows the committed size was the requested size, and the margin
below it depended on the executable's default stack reserve; requests at
or above that reserve had none. The commit now includes the same margin.
macOS does not run guest threads.
guest_pthread_stack now also calls host code that uses 256 KiB of stack
below each thread's guest range; without the margin it crashes on the
16 KiB thread.
Fixes#2603
scePthreadCancel and pthread_cancel threw, scePthreadTestcancel did
nothing and the cleanup handler exports did not exist.
A cancel request is now recorded on the thread and acted on at
scePthreadTestcancel, the condition variable waits, scePthreadSem and
sem waits, scePthreadJoin and the sleeps, and under their POSIX names.
A thread blocked in one of the waits is woken; a condition wait takes
its mutex back before the thread exits. The thread exits with
PTHREAD_CANCELED through scePthreadExit, which now runs the handlers
of __pthread_cleanup_push_imp and __pthread_cleanup_pop_imp.
scePthreadSetcancelstate and scePthreadSetcanceltype reject unknown
values, and pthread_setcanceltype is added.
Constants, the handler node layout and the order of events follow
FreeBSD libthr. A sleep is not interrupted, file and socket calls are
not cancellation points and the asynchronous type acts like the
deferred one except at the two set calls (TechnicalDebt). New test:
guest_pthread_cancel.
Leave the Windows identity fields at their stat values when
GetFileInformationByHandle fails on a handle whose basic information
could be read, instead of failing the whole call.
st_ino was always 0 and st_dev differed between stat (drive number) and
fstat (0), so the usual a.st_dev == b.st_dev && a.st_ino == b.st_ino
identity check gave wrong answers. Read the volume serial, the file index
and the link count from the file handle, which works the same for path and
descriptor lookups.
Fixes#2296
ProsperoStore (PPSA99000) imports kill from libkernel and stops at it on
current main. Its crash reporter resets a crash signal to SIG_DFL and
sends it again with kill(getpid(), signal).
kill follows FreeBSD's kern_kill and killpg1 for the only guest process:
EINVAL for signals outside 0 to 128, signal 0 only checks the target,
and the caller's own pid, 0 and minus its pid deliver through raise.
Any other pid, and -1, which skips the caller, report ESRCH.
The registry records whether a range was mapped or protected with GPU
access (0x10/0x20), and an address-based build leaves out ranges without
it, as the console's GPU page tables do. The main image is registered
without GPU access; the title's own mprotect with GPU bits adds it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Move the image unregistration out of the Module destructor into
dlclose_nid_postfix. It runs while the handle is still registered, so a
failure (the image stays leased by GPU work) propagates to the caller and
leaves the module loaded and usable. Images shared by another open
handle stay registered until the last handle closes.
guest_memory now checks that dlclose under a held lease throws and keeps
the module, its symbols and its protection.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A .guest.prx image registered by sceKernelMprotect stayed in the guest
allocation registry after dlclose freed it, so its dead ranges blocked
later mappings at that address and could reach GPU builds.
The Windows module destructor now unregisters the image before
FreeLibrary. Unregistering waits for outstanding leases on the image like
unmap and protect do; if the wait fails the module stays loaded.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
On Windows, sceKernelMprotect accepted only the executable's image and threw
"Memory protection of a foreign image is not supported" for every other
image. Bundled title modules are relinked into DLLs named <module>.guest.prx,
so a title that reprotects its own module pages failed. Dying Light 2's
bundled libNRD does this at start-up (#1794).
DoMprotect now also accepts images whose file name ends in .guest.prx, and
registers their committed pages like the executable's. Other images are
still refused.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
On Windows, sceKernelPread and sceKernelPwrite called the POSIX pread and
pwrite wrappers, which throw on every failure, so a bad descriptor, a
negative offset or a write to a read-only descriptor aborted the process
instead of returning an error as the Linux build does. ftruncate and
sceKernelFtruncate threw on any host failure on both platforms.
Give the Windows sceKernelPread and sceKernelPwrite the same checks and
SceErrorFromErrno returns as the Linux ones, and accept a zero-length
transfer with a null buffer. Report a positioned transfer on a handle
opened without the needed access as EBADF instead of EIO. Return EINVAL
from ftruncate for a negative length and for a descriptor opened without
write access, as FreeBSD does, and pass other host errors to the guest.
Fixes#2423
On Windows, getargc and getargv reported only the executable path, read
with GetModuleFileNameA in the ANSI code page, and dropped every other
argument. Linux returns the whole command line from /proc/self/cmdline,
and the relinker's Windows entry stub already passes the guest entry all
arguments converted to UTF-8.
Parse GetCommandLineW with CommandLineToArgvW and convert each argument
to UTF-8 with WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, as the entry stub does, so getargv
matches the entry's argv and the Linux behaviour. The Linux path is
unchanged.
On Windows std::_Exit ends in ExitProcess, which still runs every module's
DLL_PROCESS_DETACH and TLS callbacks after the other threads are gone. A
static destructor that joins a worker then waits forever: a title that calls
_Exit while libSceVideoOut's flip queue runs (ps5-opengl's retirement
fail-stop) stays alive in FlipQueue's destructor. _Exit and libkernel's _exit
now terminate the process with TerminateProcess, as _exit ends a POSIX
process: no atexit handlers, stream flushes or module destructors.
waitpid returns -1 with ECHILD, or EINVAL for an option FreeBSD does not know, and leaves the status unwritten: AnyPS5 runs the title as one process and exports nothing that creates a child. VLC PPSA85300 stops on main at this import.
AI-assisted: yes. Match the firmware 13.60 probe in PR #1798: names of 32 bytes or more return guest ENAMETOOLONG=63 and preserve the prior name. The complete final change passed a full Windows build and eight focused runtime tests.
Neither existed under the guest root, so opening them failed and titles
that then read from the descriptor crashed. Opening either for reading
now returns a descriptor whose reads, positioned reads and vector reads
fill the buffer from the host's random device, as
sceRandomGetRandomNumber does. Opening them for writing throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
scePthreadCreate on Linux started guest threads with std::thread, so every
thread got the host default stack (RLIMIT_STACK, usually 8 MiB) whatever the
title asked for. A thread that asks for more than that and uses it crashes
with SIGSEGV. Once the thread ran, scePthreadAttrGet also reported the host
size instead of the requested one.
Create the thread with pthread_create and a stack of the requested size plus
what glibc keeps at its top (static TLS, the thread control block and the
start_thread frame). That reserve is measured once with a probe thread.
The thread reports [top - reserve - size, top - reserve) as its stack, as
Windows reports [top - size, top), and the creator waits until the range is
set, as on Windows.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
A zero, unaligned, overflowing or out-of-range length reached the physical pool, where a sub-page length silently freed a whole page and fragmented the block map, and an out-of-range length walked the page table past the backing store. Validate alignment and bounds up front and return EINVAL instead.
flock_nid_postfix threw on every failure, so a LOCK_NB request on a lock
held through another descriptor ended the process. FreeBSD flock(2)
returns -1 with EWOULDBLOCK there. Return guest errno 35 when LOCK_NB is
set and the host reports the lock as held: ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION on
Windows, EWOULDBLOCK on Linux. Other failures still throw.
An anonymous private mapping with MAP_ALIGNED_SUPER (FreeBSD MAP_ALIGNED(1))
is placed on a 2 MiB superpage boundary. Yamagi Quake II requests it for its
hunk allocations of 2 MiB and more.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
SDL queries the SCHED_OTHER range before it sets a thread priority. It gets
the same 256 to 767 range as SCHED_FIFO and SCHED_RR, which
pthread_setschedparam applies regardless of policy. The console's answer is
unverified and recorded in TechnicalDebt.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
FreeBSD sys_flock takes LOCK_UN over LOCK_EX over LOCK_SH, ignores other
bits and fails with EBADF when none of the three is set. The operation
reached the host unchanged, so malformed operations differed between
hosts: Linux rejects them with EINVAL and the Windows lock tracking threw.
Decode the operation before either host sees it.
flock mapped each call straight onto LockFileEx/UnlockFileEx, whose
byte-range locks stack per handle. LOCK_UN without a lock failed with
ERROR_NOT_LOCKED and aborted the process, a repeated LOCK_EX blocked
forever, converting between shared and exclusive failed, and a repeated
LOCK_SH needed as many unlocks.
Track the one lock each descriptor holds: a repeated mode and LOCK_UN
without a lock succeed, a conversion releases the old lock before taking
the new one, and close forgets the descriptor's lock.
On Windows the existence check accepts "file/", then _wstat64 rejects
it and FillFileStat throws, aborting the title. On Linux the host
reports ENOTDIR, which became ENOENT. A trailing slash on something
that is not a directory now returns ENOTDIR on both hosts, as on
FreeBSD.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
FreeBSD's gettimeofday stores the time only when tp is not null, and
clock_getres the resolution only when res is not null; both succeed
otherwise. Both threw, which aborted a title probing a clock or only
asking for the time zone. Write into a local result instead.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
AJM's instance and batch tables and APR's file, directory and AMM
state were namespace-scope statics, destroyed by std::exit while the
title's threads keep calling the libraries. A decoder thread then read
a freed instance (an unknown codec), sceAjmBatchWait no longer found
its batch, and APR resolved file ids through a freed vector. The state
is now allocated once and never destroyed.
Every direct memory allocation had a memfd of its own, so each one the
GPU used became its own udmabuf and its own imported buffer object. An
imported buffer object cannot be always valid in the GPU VM: amdgpu
validates every one of them at every command submission. PPSA14632
(LEGO Horizon Adventures) imports about 7000 allocations, 5800 of them
64 KiB, and each vkQueueSubmit took about 2.3 ms (5 s per 10 s, held
under the GPU mutex). A standalone test shows the cost follows the
count of imported dma-buf buffer objects, not their size or the count
of ordinary allocations.
- libkernel: on Linux all direct memory lives in one sparse memfd of
DIRECT_MEMORY_SIZE, at file offset = physical address
(PhysicalBacking keeps the file and its offset; SharedBacking returns
that offset). A range allocated again is zeroed through a temporary
mapping, as the old per-allocation memfd was.
- Driver: an import of shared direct memory that lies inside one
64 MiB chunk of the file binds its own VkBuffer into that chunk's
memory, one udmabuf import per chunk (HostImport::chunk holds it, so
it lives until the last buffer bound to it retires). Ranges that
cross a chunk or do not meet the buffer alignment are imported alone
as before.
On PPSA14632 vkQueueSubmit drops from about 2400 us to 46 us on
average, the GPU idles 36 ms instead of 172 ms per present, and
presents go from about 40 to 80-97 per 10 s.
Released direct memory stays committed in the file (see
TechnicalDebt.md): a live chunk import pins its pages.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
As requested in review: a failed sceKernelGetModuleInfoFromAddr no longer
reports an empty answer. Adds a failure test (symbol interposition) and
extends the metadata test (EH record walk, terminator, no-header DSO).
Co-authored-by: jweidenh <38249793+jweidenh@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
A title that ships its own libc.prx unwinds C++ exceptions with that
libc's libunwind, which asks sceKernelGetModuleInfoForUnwind where each
frame's eh_frame is. On Linux the call always reported no tables, so
no C++ exception thrown in guest code could be caught. For the main
executable and .guest.prx images, report the PT_GNU_EH_FRAME tables
that sceKernelGetModuleInfoFromAddr finds, as Windows does from
.ehmeta. Other host images still report none.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HeC9bA3n74TzJRYv9AgBE8
Winsock fails send, sendto and sendmsg on a socket shut down for writing
with WSAESHUTDOWN, which neither Windows error map handled, so libkernel
and libSceNet reported EIO. FreeBSD reports EPIPE there, and the Linux
maps already translate the host's EPIPE to 32. Map WSAESHUTDOWN to 32
in both.
Fill takes either info struct, so sceKernelGetModuleInfo reports the
name and segments sceKernelGetModuleInfoFromAddr reports for the same
image, on Linux and Windows.
sigprocmask keeps the first word of the title's set as it is, where
FreeBSD keeps signal n at bit n - 1 (_SIG_BIT), but Dispatch tested bit
n. A title that blocked SIGTERM with a FreeBSD-built set (bit 14) was
not protected, and a set with bit 15 blocked SIGTERM instead of SIGURG.
Dispatch now tests bit n - 1; the stored mask and the set returned by
sigprocmask are unchanged.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelLoadStartModule discarded its arguments, and the relinker's Linux guest writer
synthesized an initialisation trampoline that also cleared the argument registers before
jumping to the module entry point, so a converted module always reached its own start-up
code with args = 0 and argp = NULL.
On PPSA28997 two of the title's own modules validate that parameter block as their first
act and dereference it unconditionally: SaveData faults on `mov (%rsi),%eax` with rsi = 0
beside its `cmp $0x10` size checks, and PSN faults the same way at PSN+0x3ee7 with rbx = 0.
The Windows branch delivers the block, so identical code reports its parameter-version
error and continues instead of faulting.
sceKernelLoadStartModule now records the pair before dlopen and clears it afterwards, and
the emitted DT_INIT stub reads it through two accessors exported by libkernel. The
initialiser is called rather than tail-jumped so its return value can be reported through
*res as the PS5 API specifies. The state is thread_local, which makes the handoff per-call:
ld.so runs a module's initialiser on the thread that called dlopen. DT_FINI keeps a plain
call-through, so unloading neither reads stale arguments nor reports a result.
The accessor names use the _nid_no_patch suffix so the NID resolver leaves them alone and a
guest import can name them exactly.
Retain host backing views for emulator writes and completion labels. Validate full spans, preserve write versions and GPU ordering, and keep the fallback for other mappings. Test remaps, aliases, access checks, partial failures, tracking, view lifetime, and completion ordering.
Written with AI assistance.
EVO-PLAYER (PPSA99039) v0.11.0 stops at sigaction once its earlier
imports resolve: it installs a crash handler for SIGSEGV, SIGBUS and
SIGABRT and a quit handler for SIGTERM, SIGINT and SIGHUP at start-up.
sigaction records the handler, flags and mask of signals 1 to 128 and
reports them back, with FreeBSD's EINVAL cases. signal shares the table
and records SA_RESTART, as FreeBSD's libc does. Plain handlers on the
signals signal already delivers run as signal handlers do; SA_SIGINFO
handlers and other signals are recorded only, and raise of such a
signal throws.
Assisted by Claude Code.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01DwFnKjMxmwGDWiuYYf1v4D
Each Windows AIO request is an overlapped ReadFile/WriteFile at the
request's offset, which on a synchronous handle also moves the
descriptor's file pointer; on the console AIO transfers leave it alone.
The requests now go through the positioned path sceKernelPread and
sceKernelPwrite use (NativePositioned in Stdio.cpp, exposed as
NativePositioned_nid_no_patch), which restores the pointer afterwards.
Negative offsets still fail with EINVAL before the transfer.
GuestAio sets the offset to 2 before a write batch and checks it is
still 2 after. TechnicalDebt records that a concurrent read or write on
the same descriptor can see the moved pointer in between, as for the
pread family.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01UTjpbMX7BUFMZZaxJE98zV
Use the current registered range after protection splits and partial unmaps, including FIND_NEXT lookups. Add a regression covering extents, protection and surviving contents.
AI-assisted: yes
Keeps both new TechnicalDebt entries: this branch's note that a raise
can still reenter host code it interrupted, and #2107's sigaltstack note.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
read, write, _read and _write on a guest socket descriptor went to the
host, which has no such descriptor, so sceKernelRead and sceKernelWrite
threw. They now reach the socket as recv and send without flags, with
the socket layer's errno (EAGAIN 35, EPIPE 32, EBADF 9), a zero-length
read returns 0 as dofileread does, and the two sceKernel forms return
the kernel error for the same cases. The host's SIGPIPE on EPIPE, a
write above INT_MAX bytes, readv, writev and the positioned forms are
recorded in TechnicalDebt.
OpenSSL's QUIC notifier signals its socketpair with write and read.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
msync follows FreeBSD 11's kern_msync and vm_map_sync over the guest's
mappings as sceKernelVirtualQuery reports them: the address is rounded
down to the page, a range that wraps and MS_ASYNC with MS_INVALIDATE are
EINVAL, an unmapped start or page is ENOMEM, and length 0 checks the
mapping that holds the address. The guest has no file mappings, so a
successful call has nothing to write back. MS_INVALIDATE on a mapped
range throws, since FreeBSD's EBUSY for mlocked pages needs lock state
that is not tracked.
EVO-PLAYER PPSA99039 v0.11.0 imports it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A title's descriptors are taken as never being terminals: a file or
pipe gets ENOTTY with the termios untouched, a socket gets what its
protocol answers a termios ioctl on FreeBSD (EADDRNOTAVAIL for AF_INET,
EOPNOTSUPP otherwise), and a closed or invalid descriptor EBADF.
tcsetattr gives EINVAL for an action other than TCSANOW, TCSADRAIN or
TCSAFLUSH, with or without TCSASOFT, before anything else, and EFAULT
for a null termios before the descriptor is checked; with TCSASOFT a
null termios throws, where FreeBSD's libc faults copying it. What the
console gives a title as descriptors 0 to 2 is unknown, as recorded in
TechnicalDebt.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Keeps this branch's CONTEXT_FULL | CONTEXT_SEGMENTS read, context-first
order and bounded retry in RaiseOn, and adds #1478's ymm save fields to
both deliveries. The test keeps both phase sets; the vectors phase runs
after the continuing, selfing and looping phases and counts their
deliveries. The TechnicalDebt entry about ymm upper halves is dropped,
since #1478 preserves them.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The guest process is assumed to run as root. Under FreeBSD's
sys_seteuid and sys_setegid, id 0 is then accepted without a privilege
check and changes no credential, so both return 0. Any other id would
change the effective credential, which is not modelled, and throws.
Part of #1578.
sceKernelAprSubmitCommandBuffer rejected a buffer object with EINVAL
unless sceAmprAprCommandBufferConstructor had tagged it. The tag is
AnyPS5's own: in the retail layout the type word only carries state
bits and the constructors zero the object, so a zero-filled object
bound with SetBuffer is a valid APR buffer.
CRI's file system in Sonic Origins (PPSA05324) lays out its
AprCommandBuffer objects in its own zeroed work memory and never calls
the constructors. Its first read submit failed with 0x80020016, and the
CRI file system stopped there.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
winpthreads initializes a PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER lock on its first
use and fails a concurrent first lock with EINVAL. std::shared_timed_mutex
ignores that result in release builds, so two guest threads could both
hold a fresh guest rwlock.
Lock and unlock the mutex once when the guest rwlock is created, before
another thread can reach it, and record the remaining host exposure.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
FreeBSD's unlink(2) reports EPERM for a directory, but the host call
returns EACCES on Windows and EISDIR on Linux, so the guest saw a
different error on each host. Check for a directory, not following a
symbolic link, before unlinking.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelMunlock and the POSIX munlock unlock the page-rounded range with
FreeBSD's results: 0 for a mapped range whether or not it is locked, EINVAL
for a range that wraps around zero, ENOMEM for an unmapped range. On Linux
the host munlock gives them. On Windows a reserved placeholder counts as
mapped only while the guest reservation or protection registry covers it,
and a region VirtualUnlock refuses as not fully locked is unlocked page by
page, as VirtualUnlock is all-or-nothing. sceKernelMlock shares the range
rounding.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012GLfKH7Sqe51wX254k1XsV
The POSIX form of sceKernelMlock: 0 on success, -1 with errno (EINVAL,
ENOMEM, EPERM, EAGAIN) where the sce form returns the kernel error, as
munmap and mprotect do beside it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Releasing direct memory left the virtual ranges that mapped it registered,
so sceKernelVirtualQuery reported them as flexible memory at offset 0 and
titles walking a range with FIND_NEXT released physical page 0.
Collect every view of the released pages before freeing them and unmap
them through UnmapRegistered, as shadPS4's MemoryManager::Free does.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The repo allows one implementation per export. Move libc's rename into
libc/src/Rename.cpp, compile that file into both libc and libkernel, and
drop the second copy from libkernel's Stdio.cpp. FilesystemError moves to a
header so the shared source can use it.
The test now checks that the symbol it resolves belongs to libkernel (module
handle on Windows, dladdr on Linux) so it fails when the export is removed.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
guest_filesystem_tests links libkernel and libc, both of which define
rename_nid_postfix, so which one it binds to depends on the loader and the
suite passes either way. Resolve the symbol from libkernel.prx explicitly so
the export added for titles that ship their own libc.prx is actually tested.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Titles that ship their own libc in sce_module import rename from
libkernel (NID NN01qLRhiqU), where it was missing, so PPSA12544 failed
to start. It checks both paths like unlink and maps sceKernelRename's
result to errno.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
AF_UNIX pairs as FreeBSD 11 makes them: SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM and
SOCK_SEQPACKET with protocol 0, SOCK_NONBLOCK applied to both ends and
SOCK_CLOEXEC accepted, EAFNOSUPPORT for an unknown family, EOPNOTSUPP
for AF_INET and AF_INET6, EPROTONOSUPPORT for type 0 or a protocol,
EPROTOTYPE for another type, EFAULT for a null output, and nothing
written on failure. The ends are guest sockets, so send, recv,
shutdown, fcntl, poll and close work on them; getsockname and
getpeername report the unnamed AF_UNIX address, recvfrom and recvmsg
no address for a stream and the unnamed one for a datagram. On Linux
the pair is the host's socketpair; on Windows a loopback TCP connection
or two connected UDP sockets, and SOCK_SEQPACKET throws. The remaining
differences from the console are recorded in TechnicalDebt.
OpenSSL's QUIC notifier in 15 catalog titles creates such a pair.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Returns the name of the directory under which a title's sandbox exposes
system files, which homebrew SDKs splice into paths such as
/<name>/common/cert/CA_LIST.cer and /<name>/common/lib/libc.sprx. The
name is fixed here; recorded in TechnicalDebt together with the fact
that nothing is mounted under it.
Registers guest_sandbox_random_word.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Hades (PPSA03355) stops at load on main with "undefined symbol:
9HzfhdtESio", the NID of pthread_getname_np, which it calls on
pthread_self() with a 32-byte buffer. Measured on a PS5 (firmware 13.60)
through dlopen of libkernel: the function takes (thread, buffer), copies
the name and its terminator, returns an empty name for an unnamed
thread, ESRCH for a null or joined thread and EFAULT for a null buffer.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
ScreenTester5 (PPSA69420) stops at start-up on the unresolved sysctlbyname
import and also imports sysctl. hw.ncpu (CTL_HW.HW_NCPU) reports the same
processor count as sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN). Other names and MIBs throw.
Add sigemptyset, sigfillset, sigaddset, sigdelset and sigismember with
FreeBSD 11 semantics (lib/libc/gen/sigsetops.c): a 128-bit set of four
32-bit words, signal n at bit n - 1, signals 1 to 128 valid. sigfillset
sets every bit. An invalid signal returns -1 with errno EINVAL and leaves
the set untouched; sigismember returns 1 or 0. A null set throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Each direct memory backing keeps a memfd open, so a title such as
Dreaming Sarah (PPSA02929) holds about 1100 descriptors at startup.
With the systemd default soft limit of 1024, later opens fail with
EMFILE: memfd_create throws "create direct memory backing: Too many
open files", or the title's fopen returns NULL and it faults in fread.
libkernel now raises the RLIMIT_NOFILE soft limit to the hard limit
when it is loaded, before the title creates any descriptor, and throws
if the limit cannot be read or raised.
The retry that waits for a target to leave NtContinue, NtContinueEx or
libwinpthread-1.dll had no bound, so a target that stayed there made
sceKernelRaiseException spin forever. It now throws after 1 s. A new
guest_raise_exception phase keeps a thread inside NtContinue by
continuing a context that calls NtContinue again, and checks that the
raise throws and that the handler did not run.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Titles pass handle 0 (RTLD_DEFAULT) for a process-wide lookup, and the loader rejected it: the handle is
not in the module map, so every such lookup failed even when a loaded module exports the symbol. Handle 0
and -2 now take the default scope, searching the global modules by plain name, NID and `#guest` form, and
then the process-wide scope.
The process-wide scope of the real loader also contains glibc and libstdc++, so an unfiltered fallback
would answer `malloc`, `dlopen` and `pthread_create` where PS5 reports the symbol as missing: handle 0 is
the main program, whose lookup sees the program's exports, not the host C++ runtime. A result from the
process scope is therefore accepted only when `dladdr` attributes it to a converted or replacement module
(a `.prx` library or the executable), which keeps the fallback for guest symbols and removes the host
leak. `guest_dynamic_loader` asserts the three host names are not found; disabling the filter makes that
test fail.
The scripting heap that an earlier revision of this branch added has been dropped: the title reaches the
same boot milestone with the lookup failing honestly, so the export was an inference rather than a
requirement, and prosper's bring-up notes report `ESRCH` for that name on hardware.
SleepUntil, PollSleepUntil and SleepNanosCoarse each wait on one
thread_local high-resolution timer. A sceKernelRaiseException handler
that runs as an APC inside a sleeping thread's wait and sleeps itself
re-armed that timer and consumed its signal, so the interrupted sleep
never returned. A nested TimerWait now waits on its own timer.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
send, sendto and sendmsg rejected every flag with EOPNOTSUPP, so callers
that pass FreeBSD's MSG_NOSIGNAL (0x20000) could not send at all. Accept
it: Windows sockets never raise SIGPIPE, and on Linux it maps to the
native MSG_NOSIGNAL. Other flags still fail with EOPNOTSUPP.
DOOM (PPSA99666) sends its upload server replies with MSG_NOSIGNAL and
closed every connection without an answer.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Translate the FreeBSD pollfd layout and flags to WSAPoll on Windows and
poll on Linux. Closed socket descriptors report POLLNVAL, a timeout below
-1 fails with EINVAL and a null array with EFAULT. Non-socket
descriptors, unknown event bits, POLLPRI on Windows and an infinite wait
without sockets throw; these are recorded in TechnicalDebt.
DOOM (PPSA99666) imports poll for its upload server.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
On macOS the host keeps libc++abi: libc++ binds __cxa_throw two-level,
so moving only the personality into this runtime would leave the two
halves disagreeing on the exception header. The host personalities stay
libc++abi's and libunwind's, and libc.prx serves guest code:
- the guest's libstdc++ std::exception_ptr is modelled directly, since
libc++'s differs, and the Itanium type_info layouts that libc++abi
keeps private are declared for the runtime;
- guest frames are found through their PT_GNU_EH_FRAME, using a
dl_iterate_phdr emulation over the ELF program headers that relinked
images keep in __APS5DATA,__meta (written by relinker --macos, which
comes in a later pull request);
- host frames are found by scanning __TEXT,__eh_frame;
- sceKernelGetModuleInfoForUnwind uses the same emulation and falls back
to dladdr for host images.
The libc++ paths compile only with libc++/libc++abi and the rest only
on __APPLE__, so Linux and Windows builds are unchanged.
exception_c_cleanup throws from host code, which this runtime does not
serve on macOS, so it is not built there.
sceKernelGetProcessTime and sceKernelGetProcessTimeCounter subtracted
GetStartNanos() from GetMonotonicNanos() in one expression. GCC reads the
clock first, so on the first call in a process the start was captured
after it and the result wrapped to about 2^64.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
scePthreadMutexDestroy threw when the mutex was locked. FreeBSD libthr,
which the console's libkernel follows, returns EBUSY and leaves the
mutex usable; PPSA28997 destroys a locked mutex during its intro and
was aborted.
A condition wait on a recursive mutex locked more than once unlocked the
native mutex only once, so the thread that should signal blocked forever
on it. Unlock the remaining levels before the wait and lock them again
after it, as FreeBSD libthr does in _mutex_cv_unlock and _mutex_cv_lock.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HeC9bA3n74TzJRYv9AgBE8
A thread that sceKernelRaiseException redirects resumes through
RtlRestoreContext with a CONTEXT that has no XSTATE, so the upper halves
of ymm0-ymm15 came back as the handler and the delivery path left them.
A handler or host routine that runs vzeroupper or any VEX instruction
(Zen 2 guest code, the CRT's memcpy) cleared the upper lanes of a thread
interrupted in the middle of AVX code. The entry stub now stores
ymm0-ymm15 next to the delivery when the CPU and the OS enable AVX, and
the exit loads them back right before RtlRestoreContext, which restores
only the low halves.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HeC9bA3n74TzJRYv9AgBE8
sceKernelGetCurrentCpu returned the raw host CPU index. Guest affinities
are bookkeeping only and sceKernelGetAvailableCpumask advertises CPUs 0
to 12, so on a host with more than 13 logical CPUs a title could get 13
or higher, and a thread pinned to one CPU could get another one.
The host index now selects a CPU of the calling thread's affinity
clipped to the available mask, so the result is always an advertised
CPU and a thread pinned to one CPU reports that CPU.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HeC9bA3n74TzJRYv9AgBE8
A thread had one TimedWait waiter for every wait. When
sceKernelRaiseException reached a thread blocked in a TimedWait
condition, its handler ran as an APC inside that wait, and a wait in
the handler queued the same waiter on a second condition while it was
still linked into the first. The links of the first queue were
overwritten, so waiters behind it were never woken, and a wake of the
outer wait set the shared event and was consumed by the inner wait.
A wait now takes the thread's first waiter that is not in use, and
creates a deeper one for a wait nested inside another.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HeC9bA3n74TzJRYv9AgBE8
On Windows each AIO request seeked a _dup of the descriptor and then read
or wrote through it. A duplicated descriptor shares the file position, and
the seek and the transfer are separate calls, so two threads submitting
requests on one descriptor could transfer at each other's offset. Each
request is now a single ReadFile/WriteFile with an OVERLAPPED offset on
the OS handle, as pread and pwrite already do in Stdio.cpp.
GuestAio reads four distinct blocks of one descriptor from four threads
and checks every result.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HeC9bA3n74TzJRYv9AgBE8
Opening a volume needs administrator rights, so the volume flush skipped
every volume in a normal user session. The libc, libkernel, save data and
app content file functions now record each host file and directory they
change. On Windows sceKernelSync flushes the recorded paths that changed
since the previous call, plus their changed parent directories, through
handles a normal user can open. Linux still calls sync().
On the console a title whose param.json declares downloadDataSize finds
/download0 mounted from the start. The host directory was only created
by sceAppContentDownloadDataGetAvailableSpaceKb, so a title that opens
files there directly got ENOENT. libkernel now creates it when it loads,
reading only the run directory's param.json, without resolving guest
paths, so the libc path root is still fixed at first use.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Gathering every iovec into one host buffer threw for a total above
INT_MAX, which a console readv/writev accepts, and copied the whole
transfer twice. Each iovec is now read or written in place, in chunks
of at most INT_MAX bytes. A readv on a pipe returns after one read so
it does not block once the available bytes are consumed.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01UTjpbMX7BUFMZZaxJE98zV
sceKernelReadv, sceKernelWritev, sceKernelPreadv and sceKernelPwritev threw on Windows. They now gather or scatter through one host buffer and issue a single read or write, with the same argument checks and error codes as the Linux path. Positioned transfers restore the file offset afterwards, as pread and pwrite do on POSIX, and report ESPIPE for handles that are not disk files. guest_file_vector now runs on Windows as well.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01UTjpbMX7BUFMZZaxJE98zV
MinGW's thread_local goes through emutls and winpthreads' pthread_getspecific, which holds a per-thread spinlock. A raise that redirected a thread holding it ran the handler on that same thread, and a handler reading any thread_local, scePthreadSelf for one, spun on the lock forever. A raise that finds the target inside libwinpthread-1.dll now resumes it and suspends it again, as one inside NtContinue does.
guest_raise_exception's new phase raises at a thread that calls scePthreadSelf in a loop and checks that the handler sees its own thread. It hung in every run without the retry. TechnicalDebt records that a handler can still reenter other host code the thread was interrupted in.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelGetModuleInfoForUnwind and sceKernelGetModuleInfoFromAddr each
parsed .ehmeta and the eh_frame_hdr it names. Both now read them through
Module/EhFrame.hpp, so a bad table fails the same way in both: an
eh_frame_hdr version other than 1, an indirect or non-absptr/pcrel
encoding, a 64-bit record length or anything outside the image throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01JkiyF6p7oDAaTtVe8ci5zP
mprotect changes the protection of guest memory through the same path
as sceKernelMprotect and reports failures through errno: EINVAL for a
null or overflowing range or a range the allocation tracker rejects,
ENOMEM when allocation fails. A zero length succeeds.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceAppContentAppParamGetInt numbers the SKU flag 0 and
USER_DEFINED_PARAM_1..4 as 1..4 (fpPS4 ps4_libsceappcontent). Id 1
returned the SKU flag and 2..5 returned zero. UFC 6 (PPSA23566) checks
that param 1 is its title number, userDefinedParam1 in param.json, and
crashes otherwise. Absent params read as zero.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Read the module layout from the PE image that holds the address. A
relinked image reports its .elf sections as segments and the
eh_frame_hdr recorded in .ehmeta; any other image reports its sections
with memory access and its .ehfram section. The eh_frame_hdr and
eh_frame helpers are shared with the Linux path, and the guest module
info test now also runs on Windows.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
SuspendThread returns before the thread has stopped, and GetThreadContext waits until it has. waitCount was read right after SuspendThread, so a thread that was leaving its wait could still decrement it and drain its APCs with NtTestAlert before QueueUserAPC queued the delivery, which then waited for an alertable wait that never came. The context is now read first, so waitCount is read from a stopped thread.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A raised exception redirects the target thread to a stub that runs the handler and returns through RtlRestoreContext. On Windows 10 (19045) RtlRestoreContext restores in user mode only when the context flags are exactly CONTEXT_FULL | CONTEXT_SEGMENTS (CONTEXT_XSTATE aside); for the CONTEXT_FULL | CONTEXT_FLOATING_POINT context it was given, it calls NtContinue. When the next raise suspended the thread inside that system call, NtContinue then replaced the redirected context with the one it was restoring, so the handler never ran although sceKernelRaiseException had returned 0. guest_raise_exception lost such a delivery to its busy thread in about one run in five and hung until the ctest timeout.
The context is now read with CONTEXT_SEGMENTS, so the handler returns through the user-mode restore, and a raise that finds the thread inside NtContinue or NtContinueEx (an APC or an exception handler returning) resumes it and suspends it again.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The patcher rewrites .dynstr in place and reorders .dynsym for
.gnu.hash, but .gnu.version_d kept pointing at name offsets that the
rewrite had recycled: a library carrying symbol version definitions
came out with renamed or blanked version names while its symbols
still advertised a version.
No library in the build defines symbol versions, so fail on
.gnu.version_d during the section scan and leave the input untouched
instead of carrying version remapping that nothing exercises. The
test covers the rejection and that a library without version
definitions is still patched.
Co-authored-by: arena-agent <297053741+arena-agent@users.noreply.github.com>
libSceNet registers a socket poller with libkernel; select polls the requested descriptors through it until the timeout and rewrites the descriptor sets.
A fixed mapping without no-overwrite unmaps the registered pieces it overlaps before mapping, as it already did when the range lay inside registered allocations.
AMPR events were registered and raised as EVFILT_USER. Titles that
dispatch their AMPR queue by filter ignore those events, so reads that
complete through WriteKernelEventQueue never finish. Add, delete and
trigger them with EVFILT_AMPR (-25).
Once an image has .ehmeta, an eh_frame_hdr version other than 1, an
eh_frame_ptr encoding other than absptr or pcrel, a 64-bit record length,
an eh_frame_ptr outside the image or a missing terminator now throw
instead of returning the empty answer. The test queries a fixture DLL
whose .ehmeta it can break, since the unwinder reads the same section.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
On Windows the call returned no eh_frame_hdr for every address, so a
title's own libc (its libunwind) found no frame information and
terminated on the first C++ exception thrown in guest code. PPSA12544
died that way after its intro cinematic: IL2CPP raised an
AmbiguousMatchException that Unity catches and logs, and the runtime
called terminate instead. For an address in a relinked guest image the
call now returns the PT_GNU_EH_FRAME segment named by .ehmeta, the
eh_frame it points to and its size, and the image as seg0; host images
keep the empty answer.
AI-assisted: yes
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
On Linux, direct memory is a memfd mapped MAP_SHARED. amdgpu accepts only
private anonymous memory for a host pointer import (libdrm sets
AMDGPU_GEM_USERPTR_ANONONLY), so every import of direct memory failed with
VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE and its ranges were copied.
When a host pointer import fails, the range's memfd slice is turned into a
dma-buf through /dev/udmabuf and imported with VK_EXT_external_memory_dma_buf.
The direct memory backing is sealed against shrinking and growing, as
udmabuf requires. libkernel reports the backing of a guest range through
GuestArenaSharedBacking. Without /dev/udmabuf, or past its size limit, the
range is copied as before. APS5_TRACE_HOST_IMPORT now prints the mappings
behind a failed import on Linux too.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A raise that suspends the thread after its wait returned but before the
wait count drops queued an APC that only ran at the next alertable wait.
Pending APCs are now run right after the count drops. The 0 ms poll in
Condition::waitSignalUntil runs under queueLock and is no longer
alertable, and a target that exits during the raise returns ESRCH.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The APC delivery was allocated after SuspendThread, so a target holding
the allocator lock deadlocked the raising thread; it is now allocated
before the suspend. The wait count a raise checks lived in the target's
thread_local storage and dangled once the thread exited; it is now a
member of PthreadPrivate, which TimedWait counts into through a
thread-local pointer bound when the thread starts, and a raise on a
thread that already finished returns ESRCH. TechnicalDebt gets one line
per unverified choice: Windows only, the FreeBSD ucontext layout, the
signal mask, the YMM upper halves, and delivery to threads outside
TimedWait.
AI-assisted: yes
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
PPSA16064 (Minecraft Dungeons II, Unreal Engine) failed to load because
these imports had no export:
- libkernel: sceCoredumpWriteUserString
- libSceSaveData: sceSaveDataConvert, sceSaveDataGetConvertProgress
- libSceVideoOut: sceVideoOutVrrPegToFixedRate,
sceVideoOutVrrUnpegFromFixedRate
None of them is called during the title's start-up, so they are added
as unimplemented exports that throw with their name if a title calls
them. Their signatures are unknown; TechnicalDebt records them. The
built libraries export the NIDs the title imports.
Rtld.cpp defined NOMINMAX unconditionally, which redefines the macro the build already passes and warns on MinGW. Use the #ifndef guard the rest of the tree uses.
The FreeBSD kernel ignores sa_len in a socket address passed in and sets
it from the length argument, so titles may leave it 0. Only the family
and the length argument decide the address kind now.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Every library CMakeLists.txt ended with the same block removing -static,
-static-libgcc and -static-libstdc++ from CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS on MinGW,
because core/libs/CMakeLists.txt only removed them after adding the library
directories. Remove them before the libc and library directories are added
so each directory inherits the stripped flags, and drop the 52 copies.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_017pTZqAyVSZy2FZmaqakPHZ
LEGO Horizon Adventures imports 19 functions that no library exports
and no open pull request adds, so it fails eager binding. They are
declared as throwing stubs. The two libSceAjmWVorbis imports have no
known name and are exported by NID from libSceAjm.native.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A title maps direct memory with protection 0x3f2, which adds bits
0x100 and 0x200 to the CPU, GPU and AMPR bits, and the mapping threw.
They are the audio coprocessor (ACP) read and write bits, as named in
the KytyPS5 and etaHEN headers. The coprocessor work runs on the host
CPU, so they map to host read and read/write access like the GPU bits.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
20 of the 31 NIDs have names in shadPS4's aerolib list. They are declared
under those names; POSIX sleep is implemented. The NpPartner001 and Psml
MFSR2 exports stay unnamed.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
MAP_FIXED | MAP_NO_OVERWRITE over a range that already holds an
allocation fails with ENOMEM and leaves the mapping in place, as in
fpPS4's TVirtualManager.check_fixed. UFC 6 (PPSA23566) relies on it to
probe for a free address and aborted on the throw.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
UFC 6 (PPSA23566) passes type 0 to pthread_mutexattr_settype during
startup. libkernel rejects it with EINVAL and leaves the attribute
unchanged, as fpPS4's decompiled body does, instead of aborting.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
* feat(libkernel): implement sceKernelReleaseFlexibleMemory
Unmaps the range through sceKernelMunmap, which returns its pages to
the flexible memory budget, as fpPS4 and prosper do.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
* test(libkernel): keep the flexible memory release check apart from the batch map checks
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---------
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The SDK 9 libc.prx heap maps its arenas with flag 0x8000, which threw as
an unsupported flag. The flag is ignored for this function, as sharpemu
does; other unknown flags still throw.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A thread suspended inside a system call returns through sysret, which
overwrites rcx and r11, so the delivery address passed in rcx was
garbage when the redirected thread resumed. PPSA12544 crashed that way
on its SaveDataProcessQueue thread, blocked in a host wait when Unity's
GC raised SIGUSR1. The redirected rip is now an entry stub that takes
the delivery from its fixed place above rsp. It also stores the live
general registers into the delivery's context first: the snapshot taken
while the thread was in the system call still holds the call number in
rax instead of its result, which the restore would have handed back to
the wait.
The guest test raises at a thread blocked on a host mutex in 20 rounds
and expects each delivery once the wait returns; it fails without this
change.
AI-assisted: yes
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Four sources defined NOMINMAX unconditionally, which redefines the macro the build already passes and warns on every MinGW build. Use the #ifndef guard the rest of the tree uses.
The redirect entry's Windows x64 home area started inside the guest's
128-byte red zone, and the interrupted thread freed the delivery on the
heap, which it may have been suspended inside. The delivery is now copied
onto the target stack below the red zone, with the home area below it, and
the copy is refused when those pages are not committed.
AI-assisted: yes
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A title's libc.prx passes the dso address of __cxa_thread_atexit to
_sceKernelRtldThreadAtexitIncrement and fails the registration when it
returns nonzero. Increment takes a reference on the loaded image that
contains the address, so it stays mapped while thread_local destructors
are pending, and Decrement releases one. An address outside every
loaded image and a Decrement without a reference throw.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Ubuntu's GCC links with --as-needed by default, and the fixture uses
nothing from libc or libstdc++, so it ended up with no DT_NEEDED entry
and the dynamic string test had no needed names to check.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Returns the CPU mask threads get by default (DEFAULT_THREAD_AFFINITY,
0x1FFF), the value itself rather than an error code.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The PS5 kernel follows FreeBSD 11, whose libthr accepts process-shared
barriers. Guest code runs in a single process, so a process-shared
barrier synchronises the same threads a private one does; the attribute
is stored and reported back by getpshared.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Both take the FreeBSD msghdr (48 bytes, iovecs of a pointer and a 64-bit
length) and run on the host sockets: sendmsg gathers the iovecs and sends
through sendto, recvmsg receives into one buffer and scatters it. A
datagram longer than the iovecs is cut and reported with MSG_TRUNC, also
on Windows where recvfrom fails with WSAEMSGSIZE. More than 1024 iovecs
fail with EMSGSIZE. No ancillary data is ever received, so recvmsg
clears msg_controllen; sending control data throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Guest signal handlers are called from a host dispatcher, so no guest PC is
a signal trampoline: return 0 for every address, as KytyPS5 and prosper do.
Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Wait8 and Wait16 compare the 1- or 2-byte value at the address with the
comparand and share the waiter queue of the other sizes.
sceKernelSyncOnAddressWake accepts any non-null address: libc's
__std_atomic_notify_one/all pass the atomic's own address, which for 8- and
16-bit atomics need not be 4-byte aligned.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
On Linux every module resolves its references through one global scope,
and the guest modules are listed ahead of the host prx. When a title
bundles its own libc.prx, the host libc and the other host prx bound
their references to their own NIDs to the guest libc, so the host libc
built its standard streams on top of the guest _Stdout.
The exports of guest modules, and the guest and executable imports that
a guest module satisfies, now carry a #guest suffix. The title's imports
still reach the guest modules first, and a host prx only sees host
definitions, as on Windows. sceKernelDlsym also looks for the suffixed
name.
Run the SIGUSR1 handler recorded by sceKernelInstallExceptionHandler on the
target thread with a PS5 ucontext (uc_mcontext at 0x40, FreeBSD amd64
layout) of its interrupted state:
- on the calling thread, directly;
- on a thread in a libkernel wait, from an APC: the TimedWait waits are
alertable and count themselves in a per-thread wait state, so the
handler runs inside the wait, which then continues;
- on a running thread, by suspending it and redirecting it to an entry
that calls the handler and restores the possibly modified context.
Other signals return EINVAL, as in shadPS4; raising without a handler
throws. Linux still throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
scePthreadAttrGet reported a null stack address and a zero size for an
adopted thread (the main thread), and for every guest thread on Linux,
where the stack range was never recorded. A garbage collector that scans
thread stacks through scePthreadAttrGetstackaddr and
scePthreadAttrGetstacksize (Unity IL2CPP in PPSA12544) then skipped the
main thread's stack and freed objects it still referenced. The range now
comes from the host thread: GetCurrentThreadStackLimits on Windows,
pthread_getattr_np on Linux.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelInstallExceptionHandler and sceKernelRemoveExceptionHandler threw.
They now keep one handler per allowed signal (SIGHUP, SIGILL, SIGFPE,
SIGBUS, SIGSEGV, SIGUSR1, as in shadPS4): another signal or a null handler
returns EINVAL, a second handler for a signal returns EAGAIN, and removing
clears it. Delivery is not implemented and is recorded in the technical
debt; sceKernelRaiseException still throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A PS5 param.json keeps defaultLanguage inside localizedParameters, next to
the language entries. The parser looked for it at the root only, then fell
back to en-US and to the first member, which is the defaultLanguage string
when no en-US entry exists (PPSA12544 has only en-GB), and threw
"expected JSON object". defaultLanguage is now read from
localizedParameters first, and the fallback takes the first language
object.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceAmprAmmCommandBufferMapAsPrt, AllocatePaForPrt, RemapIntoPrt and
UnmapToPrt, with the MapAsPrt and AllocatePaForPrt measures. Signatures,
checks and their order follow ampr_emu.
The executor keeps the PRT pages of the AMM ranges. Unbacked PRT pages
are zero-filled with GPU read access; AllocatePaForPrt backs each
unbacked page with a pool page and changes the type and protection of
backed ones; RemapIntoPrt moves a mapped range into a PRT range; and
UnmapToPrt returns the pages to the pool and zero-fills them again. A
plain map, unmap or remap over a PRT range ends it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
libSceAmpr gains sceAmprAmmCommandBufferRemap, MultiMap, ModifyProtect
and ModifyMtypeProtect with their GPU mask forms and the eight measure
functions. Signatures and the protection and mask checks follow ampr_emu.
The executor keeps a page table of the AMM ranges: each page's physical
offset, protection, memory type and whether it came from the pool. A
remap moves the pages of a fully mapped range and leaves the old range
reserved; a multimap maps the same pages again; a pool page returns to
the pool only when its last mapping goes. A protection change applies
the masked bits page by page.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
libSceAmpr gains the AMM command buffer (constructor, destructor, map,
map direct and unmap, with their GPU mask forms and measures),
sceAmprAmmGiveDirectMemory, sceAmprAmmGetVirtualAddressRanges, the three
submit forms and sceAmprAmmWaitCommandBufferCompletion. The APR
MapBegin, MapDirectBegin and MapEnd commands and their measures record
the same map commands.
The libkernel executor now maps: a plain map takes pages from the direct
memory given to the mapper with usage 1, a direct map uses the given
offset, and an unmap returns the pages to that pool and leaves the range
reserved. The AMM ranges are reserved in the guest arena on first use.
Commands are walked by the buffer's byte offset so an AMM submission can
run raw command memory.
Signatures, the protection mask and the APR map rules follow ampr_emu;
the mapper model follows PS5PCEM. While an APR map region is open, a
second begin and every completion write return EPERM.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceAmprAprCommandBufferReadFileGather, ReadFileScatter,
ReadFileGatherScatter and ResetGatherScatterState, with their measure
functions. Signatures, argument checks and the read cursor follow
ampr_emu: each read leaves the file, the next offset and the next
destination; a gather reads at a new offset into the next destination, a
scatter continues in the file into a new destination, and a
gather-scatter takes both. Recording one needs a file read since the last
reset, tracked in the command buffer object next to its type.
sceAmprAprCommandBufferReadFile now applies the same length, offset and
destination checks and rejects a null command buffer instead of
dereferencing it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceAmprCommandBufferWaitOnCounter_04_00 and WriteCounter_04_00 take the
counter access size and offset, the wait mask and the write operation,
with their measure functions; ConstructNop records a nop with an optional
leading word and a payload of up to 60 bytes, and ConstructMarker records
the set, push and pop markers by type. Signatures and checks follow
ampr_emu.
The executor now reads and writes counters by access: the 8-byte access
of counter n spans n and n + 1, the 2- and 1-byte accesses a half or a
byte of the counter. Waits compare at the access width, so the signed and
wrapped compares see the field's own sign bit, and the atomic writes wrap
within the field. The legacy counter commands record a 4-byte access.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The Linux branch of NativeError lacked five codes the Windows branch
already translates, so they fell through to EIO. bind on a bound socket
and accept on a socket that is not listening set errno to 5 on Linux
and to 22 on Windows.
Assisted-by: Claude Opus 5.5
The NID patcher rebuilds .dynstr keeping only the DT_NEEDED and
DT_SONAME strings, so DT_RUNPATH kept a stale offset and the patched
libraries shipped with an empty runpath. A library could then load only
those sibling prx that the executable already loads itself:
libSceVideoOut.prx needs libSceKeyboard.prx, which a title that does
not import libSceKeyboard never loads, so it fails at startup.
The patcher now keeps DT_RPATH and DT_RUNPATH strings, and the prx
libraries are linked with a $ORIGIN runpath instead of the build
directory, so they find each other wherever they are copied.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelInstallExceptionHandler and sceKernelRemoveExceptionHandler threw.
They now keep one handler per allowed signal (SIGHUP, SIGILL, SIGFPE,
SIGBUS, SIGSEGV, SIGUSR1, as in shadPS4): another signal or a null handler
returns EINVAL, a second handler for a signal returns EAGAIN, and removing
clears it. Delivery is not implemented and is recorded in the technical
debt; sceKernelRaiseException still throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A title's libc.prx calls it from __cxa_thread_atexit with flags 2 and
stores the returned module id in the destructor record. The 0x1A8-byte
info reports the name, id, TLS block, init and fini procedures,
eh_frame_hdr and eh_frame, and up to four load segments of the image
containing the address. The id is the loader handle when the image was
opened through sceKernelLoadStartModule and otherwise a stable id from
the same range. Unknown flags and st_size values throw.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Release direct memory only when the whole range is allocated: a misaligned
start or length returns EINVAL, a zero length succeeds, and a range that
leaves direct memory or covers an unallocated page returns ENOENT without
releasing anything, as in shadPS4. The check and the release run under
the pool lock.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
dlopen and sceKernelLoadStartModule passed the guest path to the host
loader, which cannot load the original ELF module. When a relinked module
<path>.guest.prx exists beside it, that module is loaded instead; for a
module the executable already loaded at startup the host loader returns
the same module. PPSA12544 loads /app0/Media/Modules/Il2CppUserAssemblies.prx
at startup and resolves IL2CPP functions through it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
NH6xARDOVv8 is the NID of sceKernelGetOperationMode. PPSA12544 passes two
int outputs and logs them as mode and submode; both are reported as 0.
B2n8aDorSH4 and PZQhiiLXRFs are sceKernelSyncOnAddressWait32 and
sceKernelSyncOnAddressWait64, implemented by #633, and are no longer added
as unimplemented exports.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Implement scePthreadGetschedparam and scePthreadSetschedparam on top of
the thread priority, POSIX utimes and fsync on top of sceKernelUtimes
and sceKernelFsync, and sceUserServiceGetAccessibilityZoomFollowFocus
like the other accessibility queries. Add the remaining imports of
PPSA12544 as unimplemented exports and record unknown NIDs and
signatures in the technical debt.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Track the stack range of each running guest thread and answer
sceKernelIsStack from the calling thread's stack (the host limits for an
adopted thread) or from that registry. A mapped address outside every
stack succeeds with null bounds and an unmapped one returns EACCES; the
output pointers may be null.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A range reserved with sceKernelReserveVirtualRange is registered as not
readable, and sceKernelVirtualQuery only searched readable registrations,
so a query inside a reservation fell back to the host and returned EACCES.
Reserved ranges are now tracked until a direct or flexible mapping or an
unmap covers them, and a query inside one succeeds with the reserved piece
as its extent, protection 0 and is_committed clear. PPSA12544's allocator
queries a reservation before committing it and treated the error as a
failed commit, then wrote to the inaccessible range.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
On Windows each direct memory allocation is backed by a page-file
section that CreateFileMappingW commits in full. When the system commit
limit cannot cover it, the title stopped with "create direct memory
backing: Insufficient system resources exist to complete the requested
service", which did not say how much was requested.
The error now states the requested size in bytes and MiB, and the
runtime layout notes in USAGE.md describe the commit requirement and
the page file. Allocation behaviour is unchanged: committing at
allocation matches the console, where allocated direct memory is
always backed by physical memory.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
libc's __std_atomic_wait_direct_32 and __std_atomic_wait_direct_64
import these functions, so a libc.prx that contains the C++20 atomic
wait wrappers does not load without them. Wait32 compares a 4-byte
value and Wait64 the full 8-byte value. Both share the waiter queue
of sceKernelSyncOnAddressWait, so sceKernelSyncOnAddressWake releases
waiters of every size on the address. A null address, or one not
aligned to the value size, throws. The by-value comparand, the return
values and the 8-byte alignment of Wait64 are assumed and recorded in
TechnicalDebt.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
ForgetDirectMemory erased the physical pages but left g_directMappings entries pointing at the dead backing, so sceKernelVirtualQuery kept reporting is_direct with a stale physical offset. Erase (and split, on the phys axis) the affected mapping tracking on release; mapped views are untouched, so no new faults are introduced.
clock_gettime and clock_getres served three FreeBSD clock ids with the wrong
clock or not at all:
- CLOCK_VIRTUAL (1) was the monotonic clock on Windows and threw on Linux; it
is the user CPU time of the process.
- CLOCK_PROF (2) threw on both hosts; it is the user plus system CPU time of
the process.
- CLOCK_SECOND (13) returned the coarse realtime clock with nanoseconds and a
sub-second resolution; it is the current second with tv_nsec 0 and a
resolution of one second.
Behaviour follows FreeBSD 11 clock_gettime(2) and kern_clock_gettime /
kern_clock_getres in sys/kern/kern_time.c.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
scePthreadKeyDelete frees a key slot and the next scePthreadKeyCreate
hands the same index out again, but every thread kept the value it had
stored under that index. The new key read the previous key's value
instead of NULL, and at thread exit its destructor was called on that
stale pointer.
Each slot now carries a sequence number, as in FreeBSD libthr. A thread
value is visible to scePthreadGetspecific and to the exit destructors
only while its sequence matches the slot's, so a new key starts as NULL
in every thread, as POSIX requires, and a deleted key reads NULL.
scePthreadGetspecific stays lock-free and scePthreadSetspecific no
longer takes the key lock.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Lock the guest pages of the range with VirtualLock or mlock, following FreeBSD mlock(2): the range is widened to guest pages, a zero length succeeds, a wrapping range is EINVAL and a range that is not mapped and accessible is ENOMEM. The Windows working set limits and the Linux RLIMIT_MEMLOCK soft limit are raised when the lock needs it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceAmprCommandBufferWaitOnAddress took (address, reference, mask,
compare) and WaitOnCounter (counter, reference, compare), and both read
the compare value as WAIT_REG_MEM (0 always, 1 <, 2 <=, 3 ==, ...).
ampr_emu, which replaces libSceAmpr for retail titles on the console,
has (address, reference, compare, flush) and (counter, reference,
compare, flush) with the SCE compare values (0 ==, 1 > unsigned,
2 < unsigned, 3 !=), so waits were decoded as other comparisons and
could block forever or pass early.
WriteAddressFromCounterPairOnCompletion takes one counter index, not
two, and WriteKernelEventQueueOnCompletion an int id and no user data.
Counter indices above 127, compare values above 3, flush values above 1
and misaligned wait addresses return EINVAL, as in ampr_emu.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
nanosleep and _nanosleep forwarded the result of sceKernelNanosleep, which
returned -1 for a rejected request: errno was never set, and the sce call
returned a value that is not an sce error. A request with negative seconds
was rejected as well, where FreeBSD's kern_nanosleep returns 0 without
sleeping.
nanosleep and _nanosleep now return -1 with errno set to EINVAL when tv_nsec
is outside [0, 1000000000) and to EFAULT for a null request;
sceKernelNanosleep returns the matching SCE_KERNEL_ERROR code. A request
with valid nanoseconds and negative seconds returns 0 at once.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceAmprCommandBufferPushMarker, PushMarkerWithColor, PopMarker, SetMarker
and SetMarkerWithColor record a marker command, and the matching
sceAmprMeasureCommandSize functions return its size. The APR executor
skips markers, as it does a nop.
Signatures follow the ampr_emu reimplementation of libSceAmpr.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The POSIX layer only exported init, destroy, rdlock, wrlock and unlock.
pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock, pthread_rwlock_trywrlock,
pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock and pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock now wrap the
existing scePthreadRwlock functions and accept the static initializer.
The timed variants take an absolute CLOCK_REALTIME deadline. Like
FreeBSD libthr they try the lock first and only validate abstime when
the lock is not free. A null abstime throws, as pthread_mutex_timedlock
does.
scePthreadRwlockTryrdlock and scePthreadRwlockTrywrlock return EBUSY
when the caller already holds the write lock instead of calling into
std::shared_timed_mutex, where that is undefined behaviour.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The PS5 libthr (FreeBSD) creates error-checking mutexes by default and has
PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP (type 4); relocking an error-checking or adaptive
mutex returns EDEADLK. Default mutexes were Normal and type 4 was mapped to
Normal, so a relock threw instead of returning EDEADLK, which aborted an
Unreal Engine title's recursive directory scan.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
open, _open, stat, unlink and rmdir forwarded the result of their sceKernel
twin, so a failure returned 0x8002xxxx instead of -1 and errno was never set
to the guest error. They now return -1 with errno set to the code carried by
the sce error, and report a null pointer as EFAULT and an empty path as
ENOENT.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
scePthreadAttrGet wrote priority 700 and left the affinity of the
destination untouched, whatever the thread was created with or set to
afterwards. It now reports the values the thread holds, as
pthread_attr_get_np already does.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
pthread_barrier_init threw for any non-null attributes object, and no
function could create one. Add pthread_barrierattr_init, _destroy,
_getpshared and _setpshared after FreeBSD libthr, and let
pthread_barrier_init take the object.
PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED still throws in pthread_barrierattr_setpshared:
FreeBSD 9.0 rejects it and 11.0 accepts it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelSyncOnAddressWait parks the calling thread while the 32-bit word
at the address still holds the expected value, until
sceKernelSyncOnAddressWake releases it or the timeout expires.
sceKernelSyncOnAddressWake releases up to the requested number of threads
parked on the address, in arrival order.
The libc.prx bundled with SDK 9 titles imports both for its once
primitive, so those titles stopped at load with an unresolved import.
# Conflicts:
# docs/dev/TechnicalDebt.md
libkernel did not export sceKernelMapNamedFlexibleMemoryInternal, which
the libc bundled with SDK 9 titles imports. It now forwards to
sceKernelMapNamedFlexibleMemory: the mapping counts against the flexible
budget, gets the range name and is released by sceKernelMunmap. Older
libc builds call the public function at the same sites with the same
arguments and result handling.
The known callers pass flag 0x8000, whose meaning is unknown. It is
still rejected as an unsupported mapping flag and is recorded in
TechnicalDebt.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelCancelSema was a throwing stub. It now releases every thread
blocked in sceKernelWaitSema with SCE_KERNEL_ERROR_ECANCELED without
consuming tokens, sets the count to setCount (the initial count when
setCount is negative) and reports how many threads were waiting. A
setCount above the maximum returns SCE_KERNEL_ERROR_EINVAL and changes
nothing.
Waiters are counted separately from waiterCount, which is only
decremented when a waiter leaves, so two cancels in a row do not report
the same thread twice.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID (14) and CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID (15) threw
"unsupported clock_id" on Windows while the Linux branch already maps
them to the native clocks. clock_gettime now returns the user + kernel
time from GetThreadTimes / GetProcessTimes, and clock_getres reports the
clock interrupt period from GetSystemTimeAdjustment, which is the step
those counters actually advance by.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Returns 1 when the address lies in an executable PT_LOAD segment of the
given dl_phdr_info, following FreeBSD lib/libc/gen/elf_utils.c (9.x and
11.x branches). The stub parameters become (dl_phdr_info*, void*) to
match the FreeBSD declaration; a null dl_phdr_info throws.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
sceKernelGetEventId, sceKernelGetEventFilter, sceKernelGetEventFflags,
sceKernelGetEventData and sceKernelGetEventUserData return the matching
field of the KernelEvent filled by sceKernelWaitEqueue and throw on a
null event. sceKernelGetEventError still throws NotImplemented.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Sign-in, web browser and player dialogs finish cancelled; the message dialog finishes at once;
NpAuth, entitlement consumption, reachability, account age and the NpUtility bandwidth test
report signed out; sceKernelMtypeprotect changes the protection (the memory type has no host
equivalent); the APR ForEach resolvers resolve every path and report each failure in its own
result entry. vswprintf's stub is dropped in favor of the existing wide-formatter
implementation, which already covers it on every platform.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A file read into guest memory is a host write: before the I/O it pins the shared pages it
covers, which reopens any page armed for write tracking and keeps write tracking from arming
it again until the read ends, when the pages count as written. A destination the guest cannot
write fails with EFAULT before any I/O; read and pread throw as for any failed read, AIO
reports SCE_KERNEL_ERROR_EFAULT, and APR throws. APR also throws when a read ends before the
requested size.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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