filmcraft/docs/performance.md

Performance

cargo xtask bench measures the whole app headlessly and writes target/bench/bench-<label>.json and .md (options and sections: testing.md §5). Agents read live counters with perf.stats (control-protocol.md).

Read the numbers with the load average. These results come from a shared Apple M4 Pro (14 cores, 48 GB, macOS 15 / Darwin 24.6) with parallel agent builds running: load average 75–200 during every run below. Wall-clock columns (fps, shown/dropped frames, seek latency) swing by 2–5× between back-to-back runs at that load and are only comparable within one run. CPU time per frame, samples decoded and skipped, and peak RSS are much less sensitive, and are what the before/after comparison relies on. Each milestone below alternated base / after runs (2 rounds each); the most load-independent figure is the decoder's own cycle count (proc_pid_rusage instructions and cycles of a process, all threads summed).

Results (M4.10: 4K VP9, AV1 and HEVC, before → after)

Baseline = commit a814ff6 (decoders unchanged since M4.8); after = M4.10. Interleaved runs on 2026-10-03 at load average 170-320 (two base and two after rounds; the second bench round of each overlapped another bench run, so its wall-clock columns are extra pessimistic).

Decoder work per frame (load-independent)

Codec examples (vp9dec, av1dec, hevcdec) on the cargo xtask bench decode clips, CPU cycles counted by the kernel (/usr/bin/time -l, all threads summed), mean of the two rounds; output bit-exact with ffmpeg / libdav1d at every thread count:

stream	1 thread before → after	14 threads before → after	wall ms / frame, 14 threads, before → after
VP9 1080p	68.0 → 52.0 (−24 %)	100.7 → 57.9 (−43 %)	95, 82 → 18, 17
VP9 2160p	273.6 → 205.8 (−25 %)	391.7 → 219.2 (−44 %)	146, 118 → 38, 36
HEVC 1080p	90.9 → 67.3 (−26 %)	100.2 → 75.1 (−25 %)	17, 10 → 5, 13
HEVC 2160p	362.6 → 262.3 (−28 %)	398.3 → 284.8 (−28 %)	24, 55 → 26, 25
AV1 1080p	60.5 → 48.3 (−20 %)	63.6 → 51.9 (−18 %)	26, 8 → 8, 7
AV1 2160p	212.5 → 172.4 (−19 %)	220.0 → 177.1 (−20 %)	158, 39 → 20, 32

Mcycles per frame. Draft mode (1 thread): HEVC 2160p 232.5 (−11 % on top), AV1 2160p 167.9 (−3 %: SVT-AV1's top-layer frames filter little); the VP9 clips have no non-reference frames.

Decode (every frame through the media stack)

codec	size	CPU ms/frame before (2 rounds)	after (2 rounds)	fps before → after
VP9	1080p	33.6, 30.8	23.5, 21.7	14, 17 → 67, 56
VP9	2160p	120.2, 117.7	68.4, 67.9	9.1, 7.8 → 34, 27
HEVC	1080p	31.2, 29.3	23.9, 22.4	50, 58 → 138, 145
HEVC	2160p	117.9, 111.8	86.9, 82.1	13, 14 → 30, 41
AV1	1080p	18.5, 18.9	15.1, 15.7	53, 44 → 122, 69
AV1	2160p	64.8, 66.7	48.4, 51.3	16, 8.9 → 25, 25

Program-monitor playback, 2160p (8 s, GPU path; new vp9-2160 / av1-2160 scenarios)

case	before: shown/dropped (4 runs)	after (4 runs)	CPU ms/frame before → after
VP9 Full	6/186, 53/139, 0/192, 0/192	192/0, 192/0, 189/3, 192/0	23-49 → 75-83
VP9 1/2	6/186, 58/134, 2/190, 52/140	192/0, 191/1, 192/0, 192/0	34-70 → 78-80
HEVC Full	6/186, 1/191, 0/192, 9/183	192/0, 192/0, 192/0, 192/0	74-124 → 91-97
HEVC 1/2	0/192, 9/183, 0/192, 19/173	192/0, 192/0, 192/0, 185/7	64-118 → 94-97
HEVC 1/2 draft	5/187, 88/104, 97/95, 138/54	188/4, 192/0, 187/5, 189/3	135-148 → 96-104
AV1 Full	4/188, 19/173, 0/192, 36/156	52/140, 0/192, 178/14, 0/192	31-47 → 38-56
AV1 1/2	32/160, 44/148, 1/191, 38/154	2/190, 150/42, 184/8, 50/142	30-50 → 41-72
AV1 1/2 draft	1/191, 24/168, 1/191, 27/165	192/0, 187/5, 184/8, 192/0	25-51 → 68-70

CPU per displayed frame rises where the decoder now keeps up: before, most frames were never decoded (dropped jobs cost nothing). At load ~180-220, 4K VP9 and HEVC now play in real time at Full and 1/2; AV1 does at 1/2 with draft decoding and sometimes at 1/2 / Full: its frames decode concurrently only once their references are complete (whole-frame dependencies) and the clip has a single tile, so a 4K frame waits for its references' deblocking, CDEF and output copy.

What M4.10 changed

1. VP9 frame threading (the decoder had none: tile columns, then a loop-filter wavefront, then assembly and output, each a barrier — 14 threads used 40-50 % more cycles than one and barely ran faster). Frames are now published one superblock row at a time once loop filtered; each frame's post stage (band assembly from the tile strips, loop filter in raster order, publication, output picture) runs on its own thread while the next frames' tile columns decode, their motion compensation waiting per band for exactly the reference rows it reads. Backward-adaptive streams only wait for the previous frame's symbol counts.
2. VP9 kernels: the loop filter's lane masks were bools with clamp and branchy selects, which kept it scalar; 0 / -1 integer masks, bitwise selects and min / max make it NEON. The inverse transform's column pass runs the generated butterflies on 4 / 8 columns at once; 8-bit sub-pixel filters accumulate in 16-bit lanes (every VP9 filter sum fits modulo 2^16).
3. HEVC: motion compensation zeroed two 10 KB windows per block (11 % of the time in memset) and filtered with dynamic-width scalar sums; it now reuses scratch windows and filters taps-outer over fixed widths. SAO (20 % of the time) selects edge / band offsets per lane instead of a table lookup per sample. Runs of bypass bins decode with one division; output clipping uses min / max. Frame threading with per-CTB-row waits was already in place.
4. AV1: fixed-width sub-pixel filter passes; frame and tile-region planes recycled through a bounded pool instead of a fresh calloc / munmap per frame (~10 % of the time); palette mode-info arrays (40 bytes per 4x4) only with screen content tools; branch-free CDF update.
5. Draft mode for all three through VideoDecoder::set_draft (Settings ▸ Playback ▸ Draft decoding, reduced-resolution playback only): VP9 frames that refresh no reference slot skip the loop filter; HEVC sub-layer non-reference pictures of the top sub-layer skip deblocking and SAO; AV1 shown frames that refresh no slot skip deblocking, CDEF and loop restoration. Tested per codec (unflagged pictures bit-exact, single- and multi-threaded) and through the media stack (crates/codecs/tests/draft_decoders.rs: draft frames reach draft requests only; an export after draft playback is bit-exact with ffmpeg).

Not done: AV1 row-level frame threading (references are waited for as whole frames) and its per-edge deblocking; VP9 and HEVC coefficient / CABAC parsing are now the largest single costs (~27 %); HEVC reference windows are still copied per block (~11 %).

Results (M4.9: 4K H.264, before → after)

Baseline = commit 3d14099 (M3.12, unchanged decoder); after = M4.9. Interleaved runs on 2026-10-02/03, load average 92–178 (the playback rows say which load each run saw).

Decoder work per frame (load-independent)

h264dec example, one decoder, CPU cycles and instructions counted by the kernel (all threads), output bit-exact with ffmpeg:

stream	Mcycles / frame before	after	after, draft mode
2160p (a2160.mp4, 170 Mbit/s, first 48 frames)	505	390 (−23 %)	356 (−30 %)
1080p (dec_h264_1080.mp4, 120 frames)	132	100 (−24 %)	90 (−32 %)

The cycle count is the same with 1, 4 or 14 frame threads (no spinning or contention overhead): at ~4.5 GHz a 4K frame is ~85 ms of one core, so 23.976 fps needs about two cores.

Decode (every frame through the media stack)

codec	size	CPU ms/frame before (2 rounds)	after (2 rounds)
H.264	1080p	35.8, 39.5	33.0, 29.4
H.264	2160p	138.9, 152.1	125.7, 112.3

(A run at load ~190 before any change gave 41.6 / 160.2 ms; an intermediate build 32.2 / 118.3.)

Cold seeks on the 4K fixture (12 random targets, GOP 250, fresh source per seek)

mode	CPU ms per seek before	after	wall p50 ms before → after
full decode from the keyframe	7529, 7418	5531, 5268 (−27 %)	2757, 1848 → 924, 739
keep 2 s (scrub)	7488, 7373	5442, 5397	2408, 1995 → 872, 795
late (playback catch-up)	5597, 5487	4079, 3949	2014, 1248 → 735, 526

Samples decoded per seek are identical (~48, ~34 in catch-up): the same pictures, decoded with less work. The cold seek is a chain of reference pictures, so it shows the per-picture cost directly.

Program-monitor playback, 2160p (8 s, GPU path)

case	before: shown/dropped (load)	after: shown/dropped (load)	CPU ms/frame before → after
Full	192/0 (92), 9/183 (167)	113/79 (171), 192/0 (139)	159 (no skips), 133 (17 skipped) → 131, 130
1/2	12/180 (95), 5/187 (169)	173/19 (172), 192/0 (124)	143, 127 → 133, 132
1/2 draft	–	183/9 (175), 192/0 (119)	– → 144, 134
1/4	–	186/6 (177), 192/0 (111)	– → 134, 125
1/4 draft	–	192/0 (178), 190/2 (101)	– → 132, 131
1080p Full	192/0, 192/0	192/0, 192/0	41, 48 → 39, 36

Before, the 4K clip kept up in one run (Full at load 92; 1/2 dropped 94 % at load 95) and dropped 95–97 % at load ~168. After, every 4K case plays 192/0 at load 100–140; at load 171–178 Full drops 41 %, 1/2 10 % (5 % with draft decoding), 1/4 3 % (none with draft decoding). CPU per displayed frame (whole process: decode, frame workers, compositing) drops ~15 % where no frames were skipped; draft decoding at 1/2 and 1/4 is within run-to-run noise in this column (its saving is the ~9 % of decoder cycles above, plus a quarter / sixteenth of the texture upload), while the frame jobs wait for the decoder less (decode ms/job 212 → 67 at 1/2, 98 → 44 at 1/4 in the busy round). On an idle machine the 4K clip needs about two cores.

What M4.9 changed

1. Deblocking (25–30 % of 4K decode time before): the edge filter runs on all 16 luma / 8 chroma lines of an edge at once with per-lane masks and min/max clipping (no clamp, whose bounds assert blocked vectorisation), so it compiles to NEON; edges whose alpha or beta index is 0 are skipped. Bit-exact with the per-line filter (random-edge unit test) and ffmpeg.
2. CABAC: decode_decision / decode_bypass select instead of branching on the bin value (the MPS/LPS outcome is close to random at high bit rates), renormalisation has no branch on the range, and context / state indexing has no bounds checks.
3. Inverse transforms: the 4x4 / 8x8 column pass and the add/clip run across all columns.
4. Frame threading was already in place (M2): pictures decode concurrently and wait per macroblock row for the reference rows their motion vectors reach, with deblocking pipelined row by row inside each picture's job. The conformance suite now decodes every fixture with 1, 3 and all threads (bit-exact each time). A separate deblocking thread was not added: a picture's rows are published about two rows after they are reconstructed, so a reference chain advances a few rows behind its predecessor and the pool already has more pictures in flight than cores (crates/h264/README.md, "Threading model").
5. Draft decoding (Settings ▸ Playback ▸ Draft decoding, off by default; perf.stats playback.draftDecode, decode.draftFrames, decode.h264Threads): while the Program monitor plays at 1/2 or 1/4, H.264 non-reference pictures skip deblocking (no other picture can change), and draft plans hand the GPU box-decimated Y'CbCr planes at the drawn size. Draft frames carry their own frame-cache keys and the GOP cache serves them to draft requests only, so pausing, rendering and exporting always decode exact pictures (tested through the media stack against ffmpeg after draft playback). The CPU renderer already converted reduced-resolution frames straight to the decimated size (to_linear_f32_decimated).

Not done: CABAC residual decoding (now 41 % of the work, ~19 cycles per bin) is inherently serial; the remaining deblocking cost is mostly the vertical-edge transposes; motion compensation and the per-row / per-picture copies (4 %) are unchanged.

Results (M4.8, before → after)

Baseline = commit 457aca1 (the harness on unchanged code); after = M4.8. Runs alternated base / after (2 rounds each, 2026-10-02).

Decode (every frame through the media stack: container, GOP cache, decoder, conversion)

CPU ms per frame (both rounds; lower is better). fps is the best of the run at that moment's load.

codec	size	CPU ms/frame before	after	fps before → after (same-round pairs)
H.264	1080p	43.4 / 43.7	48.2 / 46.1	101, 105 → 51, 34 (load 99 → 127)
H.264	2160p	169 / 166	171 / 178	17, 31 → 16, 9
HEVC	1080p	80.5 / 76.4	31.4 / 34.5	25, 58 → 69, 41
HEVC	2160p	325 / 314	122 / 136	8.2, 12 → 17, 11
VP9	1080p / 2160p	39.7 / 137.6	36.5 / 136.8	18 / 12 → 18 / 7.8
AV1	1080p / 2160p	20.2 / 78.2	19.7 / 72.6	106 / 23 → 50 / 9.4
ProRes 422 HQ	1080p / 2160p	23.6 / 89.0	23.2 / 86.7	59 / 28 → 34 / 15

On a quieter moment earlier in the session (load ~70) the same binaries decoded H.264 at 100 fps (1080p) / 24 fps (2160p), AV1 131 / 44 fps and ProRes 202 / 49 fps.

Seeking (cold seek through the media stack, 12 random targets, modes interleaved, load ~150)

fixture (GOP 250)	full decode from keyframe	skip non-reference > 2 s before (scrub)	skip all late non-reference (playback catch-up)
H.264 1080p	1405 ms, 3.3 s CPU	1276 ms, 3.1 s CPU	789 ms, 2.3 s CPU
H.264 2160p	3394 ms, 8.5 s CPU	2828 ms, 8.4 s CPU	2274 ms, 6.3 s CPU
HEVC 2160p	4091 ms, 17.8 s CPU	3058 ms, 12.3 s CPU	2512 ms, 9.8 s CPU

The target frame is identical in every mode (only pictures nothing references are left out).

Program-monitor playback (8 s, GPU path)

scenario	shown/dropped before	after	CPU ms/frame before → after	non-ref samples skipped
H.264 1080p	192/0, 192/0	191/1, 191/1	55 → 55	0 (keeps up)
3 × 1080p stacked	192/0, 190/2	188/4, 185/7	120 → 128	0
H.264 2160p Full	22/170, 192/0	0/192, 0/192	183 → 87	39–52
H.264 2160p Half	180/12, 192/0	0/192, 0/192	198 → 102	46–49
HEVC 2160p Full	0/192, 0/192	0/192, 0/192	164 → 90	88
HEVC 2160p Half	0/192, 0/192	0/192, 0/192	160 → 97	33–92

Shown/dropped at 2160p is decided by the load at the moment (base round 2 happened to play 192/0 at a quiet minute; a later three-way run at load 175–195 gave 0–21 shown for every binary, and 143/49 for HEVC once). CPU per displayed second halved at 2160p: frames that are already late are no longer fully decoded, and HEVC decodes 2.5× cheaper.

Scrubbing (24 random seeks + 8 playhead drags through the monitor's request path)

scenario	seek p50 / p95 ms before	after	drag-stop p50 ms before → after
H.264 1080p	357 / 940, 582 / 1535	840 / 1567, 770 / 1389	27, 62 → 281, 103
H.264 2160p	1063 / 2377, 1499 / 3028	2445 / 5357, 2390 / 4562	288, 513 → 560, 834
HEVC 2160p	130 / 4100 (9 timeouts), 318 / 1397	2466 / 6441, 2476 / 7596 (0 timeouts)	9, 3872 → 462, 1893

These runs coincided with load rising from 99 to 170 for "after". A later interleaved three-way run (base / after with catch-up disabled / after) at load 80–200 gave H.264 1080p seek p50 345 / 712 / 572 ms then 379 / 389 / 461 ms, and H.264 2160p 913 / 1312 / 2105 then 1946 / 931 / 840 ms: within the noise. The cold-seek table above is the load-independent comparison.

Timeline UI (1000 clips on 20 tracks, 1920×1080 window, egui_kittest)

view	update p50 / p95 ms before	after	tessellate p50 ms	wgpu render p50 ms (incl. readback)	vertices
fit (all 1000 clips)	3.1 / 4.9, 3.4 / 5.7	2.9 / 4.5, 2.9 / 3.3	0.3	15	35.7 k
zoomed, scrolling	2.8 / 3.8, 2.8 / 4.8	2.9 / 4.9, 2.6 / 6.8	0.2	15	29.2 k

The timeline is not a bottleneck: the whole app frame (all panels) costs ~3 ms with 1000 clips visible; it already culls clips outside the view. The waveform display gain no longer rescans the whole source's peaks for every clip every frame (cached per peak list).

Export (8 s of 1080p23.976 H.264 + AAC source)

format	fps before → after	CPU ms/frame before → after
H.264 + AAC	10.6, 5.8 → 10.2, 11.9	256 → 250
ProRes 422	4.7, 3.0 → 6.3, 9.6	249 → 232

Profile (sample): H.264 export is ~45 % encoder, ~30 % decoding the noisy 45 Mbit/s source, ~25 % CPU compositing; ProRes export spends most in prores::encode::slice_bits / choose_quantisers (rate search), then source decode and compositing. Not changed in M4.8.

Project save / open (5 sequences × 1000 clips, 3.7 MB)

save 24 / 68 → 36 / 21 ms, open 26 / 82 → 21 / 19 ms (p50 of 3; noise).

Peak RSS per section (MB)

decode 2642 / 2925 → 2506 / 2064; playback 5246 / 7903 → 3379 / 3121; scrub 4205 / 5022 → 5390 / 4183; timeline 626 / 650 → 660 / 675; export 2367 / 2286 → 2606 / 2619; project 114 / 136 → 124 / 133.

What M4.8 changed

1. HEVC inverse transform (largest hotspot: >50 % of HEVC decode CPU). Sums contiguous basis rows scaled by non-zero coefficients, size as a const generic so loops vectorise; bit-exact (exact integer sums), tested against the direct matrix product on random blocks and by the ffmpeg conformance fixtures. SAO edge offset gets a check-free inner loop. HEVC CPU per frame −60 %.
2. No redundant plane copies: H.264 / HEVC / VP9 pictures are moved into VideoFrames instead of copied (12 MB per 2160p frame; HEVC 10-bit also lost a per-sample widening pass).
3. Catch-up decoding: frame jobs carry how far before their frame the playhead is (filmcraft_media::cancel::with_catch_up); the GOP cache skips non-reference samples of late frames (VideoDecoder::is_disposable: H.264 nal_ref_idc 0, HEVC sub-layer non-reference pictures of the top temporal layer). Scrub requests keep the last 2 s fully decoded so dragging back stays cached. The wanted frame is decoded exactly as before; a later request for a skipped frame re-seeks. ~50 % of the fixtures' pictures are non-reference.
4. perf.stats (engine query + UI/control method): decode counters (cache hit rate, seeks, samples decoded / skipped, decoder ms), playback shown / dropped, frame-worker decode / render ms (p50 / p95), request hit rate, cache use, UI fps, process CPU.
5. Timeline: waveform source peak cached.

Not feasible / not done: reduced-resolution decode for H.264 / HEVC (inter prediction needs full-resolution references, so it cannot be bit-exact; ½/¼ playback already decimates after decode); AV1 internals untouched (measured only); export encoders not optimised.